Game Changers

Euphemia Lofton Haynes 1914

Euphemia Lofton Haynes was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics, which she received in 1943 from the Catholic University of America. A mathematics major at Smith, she went on to teach public school for close to 50 years. She also served as the first woman to chair the Washington, DC, board of education. During her tenure, she was an outspoken critic of the “track system” that put African American students on educational tracks that left them unprepared for college. Her work eventually led to a federal court case that ended the track system in DC public schools. After retiring from teaching in 1959, she went on to establish the mathematics department at the University of the District of Columbia. Throughout her life, Haynes received numerous honors. Pope John Paul XXIII awarded her with a Papal Decoration of Honor in 1959, and in 1998, she became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. At Smith College, the former Wilder House is now known as Haynes House in her honor.

Ann Baumgartner Carl ’39

In October 1944, Ann Baumgartner Carl ’39 became the first woman to fly a US Army Air Forces jet plane. Initially inspired by a school visit from Amelia Earhart, Carl was an aviator through and through. As a child, she’d often accompany her father to Newark Airport in New Jersey to watch the planes come in at night. After studying pre-med at Smith, she joined the public relations department at Eastern Airlines and began flying lessons at a nearby airport. Later, she joined the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) class of 1943 and was stationed at Camp Davis in North Carolina as a tow pilot. Multiple assignments followed, including stints as a test pilot. Then in March of 1944, she was assigned to the fighter test division at Wright Field in Ohio. Seven months later, she was in the cockpit of America’s first jet aircraft, the Bell YP-59A, making history. Later in life, Carl taught flight instruction for United Airlines and also became a respected science journalist.

Gloria Steinem ’56

Cofounder of Ms. magazine and author of the bestseller Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions, along with several other books, Gloria Steinem ’56 is a high-profile activist and feminist icon who has helped organize and launch some of the most important women’s groups of the past century, including the Ms. Foundation for Women, the Women’s Action Alliance, the National Women’s Political Caucus, and the Women’s Media Center. A well-respected journalist who has been published in Esquire and The New York Times Magazine, Steinem famously went undercover for New York magazine as a Playboy bunny in the 1960s and wrote an exposé (called “A Bunny’s Tale”) about her eye-opening experience. Steinem has earned numerous accolades during her lifetime, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013 and a place in the National Women’s Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1993.

Catharine MacKinnon ’69

Feminist legal scholar, writer, and activist Catharine MacKinnon ’69 broke new ground when she established in the late 1970s a legitimate legal basis for sexual harassment claims. She also worked with feminist Andrea Dworkin to create ordinances recognizing pornography as a civil rights violation and the Swedish model (Equality Model) for abolishing prostitution by putting criminal penalties on the purchaser. In the late 1990s, she successfully filed suit on behalf of Bosnian women survivors of Serbian genocidal sexual atrocities against Radovan Karadzic, former president of the Republika Srpska, and received $745 million in damages. This was the first time rape was legally acknowledged as an act of genocide. MacKinnon is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at University of Michigan Law School and the long-term James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. Her most recent book is Butterfly Politics: Changing the World for Women (2019).

Deborah Archer ’93

In 2021, Deborah Archer made history as the first Black woman to be named president of the American Civil Liberties Union. A renowned civil rights lawyer, teacher, and scholar, Archer was the first in her family to attend college. She chose Smith at the urging of a family friend who had graduated from Smith and told Archer that it was a “magical” place. When she received the Smith College Medal at Rally Day in 2022, Archer said, “I would not be the person I am without Smith. I came knowing that the world needed to change. But it was at Smith that I came to believe that I could change it.” Early in her career, she was a lawyer at the ACLU and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where she took on cases related to voting rights, employment discrimination, and school segregation. In addition to her position with the ACLU, Archer serves as associate dean of experiential education and clinical programs and co-faculty director of the Center on Race, Inequality, and the Law at New York University School of Law. She is also a member of Smith College’s board of trustees.

Shaharzad Akbar ’02

Shaharzad Akbar ’02 is an internationally recognized human rights activist. Currently in exile from her home in Afghanistan, Akbar has been an outspoken advocate for marginalized communities around the world. She was the first Afghan woman to complete postgraduate studies at Oxford University. Then, she founded Afghanistan 1400 to promote freedom of expression, gender equality, and voting rights. That work gave Akbar a national voice that she used as a deputy on the National Security Council for Peace and Civilian Protection, as a senior adviser to former Afghan president Ashraf Ghani, and as chair of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. She has used her own story to inspire fellow Afghans to envision a democratic Afghanistan free from tyranny. “I want to change the destiny of my country,” she has said. An anthropology major, Akbar says that Smith was the “first place outside of my family where I felt fully recognized, appreciated, and supported. I thrived at Smith.”

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy ’02

A two-time Oscar winner for the short subject documentaries Saving Face (2012, as codirector) and A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness (2015, as director), Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy ’02 is the first Pakistani ever to receive an Academy Award. Considered one of the most interesting and compelling storytellers in the film industry, Obaid-Chinoy directed episodes of the miniseries Ms. Marvel (2022) and is developing a new Star Wars film, which will follow the events of The Rise of Skywalker (2019) and center on the Rey character. Most recently, she directed the film Diane von Furstenberg: Woman in Charge, which tells the story of the fashion designer credited with inventing the wrap dress. Obaid-Chinoy worked as a reporter for her local English-language newspaper in Pakistan as a teenager, and after graduating from Smith she set her sights on becoming the influential visual storyteller that she is today.

Elim Chan ’09

Renowned conductor Elim Chan ’09 was the first female to win the Donatella Flick Conducting Competition, enabling her to spend the 2015–16 season as assistant conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, where she worked closely with Valery Gergiev before becoming a Dudamel Fellow at the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Chan has since served as principal guest conductor of the Royal Scottish National Orchestra from 2018–2023 and principal conductor of the Antwerp Symphony Orchestra from 2019–24, while maintaining a demanding schedule of guest conductor appearances with top orchestras around the world. Recent engagements include collaborations with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Staatskapelle Berlin, Staatskapelle Dresden, and the Orchestre de Paris. Chan is also working with the Orquesta Sinfónica de Castilla y León in a three-year collaboration (2023–26) focusing on the ballets of Stravinsky.